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Design For Narrowband IoT

The challenge of creating chips for ultra-low-power applications with long lifetimes and always-on circuitry.

By Ann Steffora Mutschler, May. 20, 2020 – 

Most low-power chips are designed with the assumption that batteries can be recharged or replaced, but there is a whole set of IoT devices under development that are expected to be always-on, communicate over a cellular infrastructure, and remain functional on a coin-sized lithium-ion battery for a decade or more.

Welcome to the world of Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), a 3GPP standard (also known as Cat-NB1 and Cat-NB2) with reduced bandwidth and tighter power consumption requirements. The primary goal is to facilitate integration of the communications IP onto an SoC or microcontroller, including baseband or RF transceivers. This is different than traditional cellular implementations such as 3G, 4G and 5G, which typically consume more power and target different silicon process technology nodes.

The 3GPP standard defines several use cases based on a communications frequency of every 2 hours/once daily, and data bandwidth of 50 bytes/200 bytes. The expectation, with a 5Wh battery, is 10 years of battery lifetime for all use-case combinations. The standard also defines new power modes for extended standby, power-saving mode (PSM), as well as extended time intervals for network synchronization, extended discontinuous reception mode (eDRX).

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