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Samsung's June 2023 Reveal: Enhanced 3nm & 4nm Chip Fabrication Process

Times are exciting for Samsung as it gets ready to demonstrate its latest breakthroughs in 3nm and 4nm technologies in June. What challenges does shrinking transistors present, what can be expected from Samsung's new nodes, and does this mean that Moore's Law continues to persist?

www.electropages.com/, May. 30, 2023 – 

What challenges do shrinking transistors present?

As technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, the field of electronics has seen a consistent trend of shrinking transistor sizes. This trend, known as Moore's Law, has driven the development of increasingly powerful and compact electronic devices. However, as transistors approach atomic scales, a new set of challenges emerges.

The first primary challenge that shrinking transistors encounter is the physical limitations of the universe that impede their performance. For example, the phenomenon known as quantum tunnelling allows electrons to tunnel through barriers, especially gates, leading to leakage currents as well as poor transistor operation. This effect reduces the reliability and efficiency of transistors, posing a major hurdle for further size reduction.

The second challenge that shrinking transistors experience is the problem of heat dissipation. As the size of a transistor decreases, the density of transistors on a chip increases, leading to higher power densities. This concentration of heat generates thermal hotspots, which can degrade transistor performance and even induce failures. Cooling these densely packed circuits becomes increasingly difficult, thus requiring innovative solutions such as advanced cooling techniques and materials.

The third challenge faced by semiconductor foundries is the manufacturing process itself. Traditional lithography techniques, which use light to pattern transistors on a silicon wafer, face limitations due to the diffraction of light, and at extremely small scales, the wavelength of light becomes comparable to the transistor dimensions, resulting in reduced accuracy and resolution. New techniques, such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, have been developed to overcome this challenge, but these technologies are so incredibly advanced that only one company in the world, ASML, has the ability to produce such machinery.

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